3. 引用方式
3. 引用方式
註明資料來源分兩個層面。
- 上一節說明必須加註的資料。
- 本節說明如何加註。
在文中加上順序的編號，並於篇末列出參考資料。下列一些混合了各種格式的例子可供參考。不同學科的格式有些微差異。學生應諮詢所屬學系或參閱學科特定網站。
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The laws of motion were first given by Newton [1], while the extension to high speeds was first proposed by Einstein [2].
- I Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 1st ed. (Streater, London 1687); see also the modern English translation, A Motte (later revised by A Cajori), Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Univ of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1934; paperback 1962).
- A Einstein, Ann. Phys. (Germany), 17, 891-921 (1905).
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One of the most widely used collections of canned programs is the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) [1].
- Nie, N.H., Hull, C.H., Jenkins, J.G., Steinbrenner, K., & Bent, D.H. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
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Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them. According to Berger, “Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium“ [1].
- P Berger. Invitation to Sociology (London: Penguin, 1991), p 87.
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「在西洋社會裏，國家社會這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，….. 在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的‘天下’….. 界線從來就是不清不楚的，….. 所以可以著手的，具體的只有己 …..」[1]
- 費孝通。《鄉土中國》（香港：三聯。1986）， 第28 頁。
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參考編號可以方括號或圓括號，或用上標方式（加上或不加括號）標示，例如：
The laws of motion were first given by Newton [1].
The laws of motion were first given by Newton (1).
The laws of motion were first given by Newton1.
The laws of motion were first given by Newton(1). -
參考編號可加在標點符號前或後。
The laws of motion were first given by Newton [1].
The laws of motion were first given by Newton. [1]
- 參考資料可列於每頁頁尾（腳註）或文章篇末（尾註）。
- 作者姓名可以「I Newton」、「I. Newton」、「Newton, I」或「Newton, I.」等方式寫出。
- 書本及/或期刊名稱可用斜體顯示。
- 引用期刊文章時，(1) 有時只列出卷數，有時則同時列出卷數及期號；(2) 只列出首頁頁數，或同時列出首頁及尾頁頁數；(3) 卷數、期號、頁數及年份的次序可改變，卷數更可用斜體、粗體或底線顯示；(4) 期刊文章的標題列出或不列出均可。
- 引用書本資料時，出版商、出版地及年份可以不同次序列出。
意見
採用此種格式的主要困難是：當要增刪一項參考資料時，所有編號均受影響。由於文書處理軟件一般能自動排序，故使用此種格式的人日漸增加。
參考資料並非以編號標示，而是按作者姓名及出版年份的次序引註。例如：
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The laws of motion were first given by a long time ago (Newton, 1687), while the extension to high speeds was first proposed by Einstein (1905).
Einstein, A (1905). Ann. Phys. (Germany), 17, 891-921.
Newton, I (1687). Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 1st ed. (Streater, London); see also the modern English translation, A Motte (later revised by A Cajori), Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Univ of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1934; paperback 1962).
在這個例子中，「Einstein」是句子的一部份，故這名字不須於括號內重複。
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Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them. According to Berger, “Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium” (Berger 1991:87).
Berger, Peter (1991). Invitation to Sociology. London: Penguin
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「在西洋社會裏，國家社會這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，….. 在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的‘天下’….. 界線從來就是不清不楚的，….. 所以可以著手的，具體的只有己 …..」（費孝通 1986:28）
費孝通。（1986）。《鄉土中國》。香港：三聯。
意見
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有時在加註時會列明頁數，見上文例子二及三。
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參考資料列於文章篇末（尾註）而非每頁結尾。
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參考資料按（首位）作者姓名（先寫姓氏）次序列出，緊接著是出版年份。
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採用凸排格式突出（首位）作者姓名。
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如在文中已提及作者姓名，則無須於括號內重複，請參考上文「Einstein」一例。
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列出合著者的姓名，例如：
Nucleosynthesis was studied more than 50 years ago (Alpher, Bethe and Gamow, 1948).
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如合著者多於三人，只列出首位作者姓名，然後用「et al.」顯示還有其他作者。
The hypothesis was further studied by a large collaboration (Alpher et al., 1950).
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如引用同一作者於同一年份的不同著作，可以a、b、c.....區分。
Einstein published three important papers in one year: on relativity (Einstein, 1905a), brownian motion (Einstein, 1905b) and the photoelectric effect (Einstein, 1905c).
插入文中的參考資料須包含在括號內。
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The laws of motion were first given by Newton a long time ago (I Newton, Principia Mathematica, 1687), while the extension to high speeds was first proposed by Einstein (A Einstein, Ann. Phys, 1905).
這種格式僅用於非學術寫作，如報章專欄等較隨便的文章。在引用時，只須列出最主要的書目資料。
不同學科（即使是相同學科的不同出版商 / 期刊）採用的引用格式及方法各有不同。以下連結可連接至各主要學科下專業團體或期刊所提供的指引，這些指引由相關學系或學院建議。大部分指引不但包含各種引用格式，更提示預備文稿時應注意的事項。
